The CXCR4 receptor upon binding its ligands triggers multiple signaling pathways that
orchestrate cell migration, hematopoiesis and cell homing, and retention in the bone …

Advances in immunotherapy have led to durable and long‐term benefits in a subset of
patients across a number of solid tumor types. Understanding of the subsets of patients that …

Tumor heterogeneity is a hallmark of cancer and one of the primary causes of resistance to
therapies. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), which accounts for 15–20% of all breast …

The CCR7 chemokine axis is comprised of chemokine ligand 21 (CCL21) and chemokine
ligand 19 (CCL19) acting on chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7). This axis plays two important …

Over the past thirty years, the importance of chemokines and their seven-transmembrane G
protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) has been increasingly recognized. Chemokine …

Chemokines are small secretory chemotactic cytokines that control the directed migration of
immune cells. Chemokines are involved in both anti-and pro-tumorigenic immune …

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is considered the second cause of cancer death worldwide. The
early diagnosis plays a key role in patient prognosis and subsequently overall survival …

Background Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and a common cause of
cancer-related death in women. It is well recognized that obesity is associated with an …

Metastasis is a major cause of death in patients with cancer. The two main routes for cancer
cell dissemination are the blood and lymphatic systems. The underlying mechanism of …

Simple Summary Various immune cells are involved in host immune responses to cancer. T-
helper (Th) 1 cells, cytotoxic CD8+ T cells, and natural killer cells are the major effector cells …