Nonuniform energy consumption is an inherent problem in wireless sensor networks
characterized by multi-hop routing and many-to-one traffic pattern. Such unbalanced energy …

Ubiquitous computing is increasingly introduced in our daily life. An emerging application is
environmental monitoring in urban areas. Data gathering in such wireless sensor networks …

In the last two decades, and owing to advances in MEMS technologies, wireless
communications and low-power electronics, the development of low-cost micro sensor …

Wireless sensor networks are used extensively to monitor different environments and
physical variables. However, in many cases, there are many nodes in the same region and …

Data gathering in a wireless sensor network works in a way that a sink collects data from a
large number of sensor nodes. Traditionally, the hop-by-hop transmission is used in this …

The energy balancing is one of the main concerns in wireless sensor networks (WSNs).
Different from current methods, this paper attempts to solve the unbalanced energy …

Since sensors have limited power resources, energy consumption has become a critical
challenge to Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Most of the routing protocols proposed to …

Due to power limitation of nodes in wireless sensor networks (WSNs), how to maximize
network lifetime has become a critical issue for deployment of WSNs. Although several …