A growing number of publications supports a biologic effect of the protein-bound uremic
retention solutes indoxyl sulfate and p-cresyl sulfate. However, the use of unrealistically high …

Gut microbiota in interaction with intestinal host tissues influences many brain functions and
microbial dysbiosis has been linked with brain disorders, such as neuropsychiatric …

Gut microbiome (GMB) has been increasingly recognized as a contributor to development
and progression of heart failure (HF), immune-mediated subtypes of cardiomyopathy …

Indoxyl sulfate (IS), a uremic toxin, causes chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression via its
tubulotoxicity. After cellular uptake, IS directly induces apoptotic and necrotic cell death of …

Aim: Inflammation and oxidative stress are now recognized to be two important contributing
factors to the development of atherosclerosis (AS). NADPH oxidase-4 (Nox4)-derived …

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by the accumulation of protein-bound uremic
toxins (PBUTs), which play a pathophysiological role in renal fibrosis (a common …

In chronic kidney disease (CKD), cardiovascular (CV) damage is present in parallel which
leads to an increased risk of CV disease. Both traditional and non-traditional risk factors …

By using two structurally unrelated hydrogen sulfide (H2S) donors 5‐(4‐methoxyphenyl)‐3H‐
1, 2‐dithiole‐3‐thione (ADT) and sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS), this study investigated if H2S …

The accumulation of the uremic toxin indoxyl sulfate (IS) induces target organ damage in
chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients, and causes complications including cardiovascular …

Oxidative stress plays a central role in the pathogenesis of diverse chronic inflammatory
disorders including diabetic complications, cardiovascular disease, aging, and chronic …