Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a primary cause of visual impairment worldwide. Diabetes
mellitus may be associated with ophthalmoscopically nonvisible neurovascular damage that …

Diabetic retinopathy (DR), one of the common complications of diabetes, is the leading
cause of visual loss in working-age individuals in many industrialized countries. It has been …

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) has long been recognized as a microvasculopathy, but retinal
diabetic neuropathy (RDN), characterized by inner retinal neurodegeneration, also occurs in …

Diabetes mellitus (DM) has become a vital societal problem as epidemiological studies
demonstrate the increasing incidence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Lesions observed in the …

Purpose: To assess vitreous levels of inflammatory cytokines and neurotrophins (NTs) in
diabetic retinopathy (DR) and elucidate their potential roles. Methods: A prospective study …

Diabetic macular ischaemia (DMI) is traditionally defined and graded based on the
angiographic evidence of an enlarged and irregular foveal avascular zone. However, these …

Since 1875, controversy has ensued over whether ocular diabetic complications are
primarily vasculopathic or neuropathic in nature. Here, we discuss the historical context by …

Diabetes mellitus represents a growing international public health issue with a near
quadrupling in its worldwide prevalence since 1980. Though it has many known …

Metabolomics is the qualitative and quantitative assessment of the metabolites (small
molecules< 1.5 kDa) in body fluids. The metabolites are the downstream of the genetic …

Retinal imaging has been a key tool in the diagnosis, evaluation, management and
documentation of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and diabetic macular oedema (DMO) for many …