Abstract Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) is a worldwide infectious disease caused by
severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In severe SARS-CoV-2 infection …

Most COVID-19 patients recovered with low mortality; however, some patients experienced
long-term symptoms described as “long-COVID” or “Post-COVID syndrome”(PCS). Patients …

Silent information regulator (SIRT) has distinctive enzymatic activities and physiological
functions to control cell-cycle progression, gene expression, and DNA stability by targeting …

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), triggered by the severe acute respiratory syndrome-
coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), may lead to extrapulmonary manifestations like diabetes …

It has been reported that corticosteroid therapy was effective in the management of severe
acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) …

Pirfenidone (PFN) is an anti-fibrotic drug with significant anti-inflammatory property used for
treatment of fibrotic conditions such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). In the coronavirus …

High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), a multifunctional nuclear protein, exists mainly within
the nucleus of all mammal eukaryotic cells. It is actively secreted by the necrotic cells as a …

Neopterin (NPT) is a member of pteridines group, synthesized by macrophages when
stimulated by interferon gamma (INF-γ). NPT is regarded as a macrophage stimulation …

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a causative virus in the
development of coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic. Respiratory manifestations …

SARS-CoV-2 by the direct cytopathic effect or indirectly through the propagation of pro-
inflammatory cytokines could cause endothelial dysfunction (ED) and oxidative stress (OS) …