The respiratory tract is constantly exposed to the external environment, and therefore, must
be equipped to respond to and eliminate pathogens. Viral clearance and resolution of …

Influenza viruses are still a serious threat to human health. Cytokines are essential for cell-to-
cell communication and viral clearance in the immune system, but excessive cytokines can …

Infection by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been
associated with leukopenia and uncontrolled inflammatory response in critically ill patients …

Conclusion Clinical decisions about cancer patients deserving immunotherapy in the current
context of the COVID-19 pandemic should be characterized by separated reflections …

SARS-CoV2 is a previously uncharacterized coronavirus and causative agent of the COVID-
19 pandemic. The host response to SARS-CoV2 has not yet been fully delineated …

Influenza virus is a significant pathogen in humans and animals with the ability to cause
extensive morbidity and mortality. Exuberant immune responses induced following infection …

Severe influenza infection has no effective treatment available. One of the key barriers to
developing host-directed therapy is a lack of reliable prognostic factors needed to guide …

Background Traditional methods for cardiopulmonary assessment of patients with
coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pose risks to both patients and examiners. This …

Influenza A viruses (IAVs) can be classified into dozens of subtypes based on their
hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) proteins. To date, 18 HA subtypes and 11 NA …

Alveolar macrophages (AM) play pivotal roles in modulating host defense, pulmonary
inflammation, and tissue injury following respiratory viral infections. However, the …