The failure of animal models to predict therapeutic responses in humans is a major problem
that also brings into question their use for basic research. Organ-on-a-chip (organ chip) …

For the past century, experimental data obtained from animal studies have been required by
reviewers of scientific articles and grant applications to validate the physiological relevance …

Microphysiological systems (MPSs) are in vitro models that capture facets of in vivo organ
function through use of specialized culture microenvironments, including 3D matrices and …

Nonclinical testing has served as a foundation for evaluating potential risks and
effectiveness of investigational new drugs in humans. However, the current two‐dimensional …

Bioengineering an in vitro liver model recapitulating the native liver microarchitecture
consisting of parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells is crucial in achieving cellular …

Current in-vitro 2D cultures and animal models present severe limitations in recapitulating
human physiopathology with striking discrepancies in estimating drug efficacy and side …

Drug evaluation has always been an important area of research in the pharmaceutical
industry. However, animal welfare protection and other shortcomings of traditional drug …

The poor predictability of human liver toxicity is still causing high attrition rates of drug
candidates in the pharmaceutical industry at the non-clinical, clinical, and post-marketing …

Investigation of the pharmacokinetics (PK) of a compound is of significant importance during
the early stages of drug development, and therefore several in vitro systems are routinely …

Microphysiology systems (MPS), also called organs-on-chips and tissue chips, are
miniaturized functional units of organs constructed with multiple cell types under a variety of …