A physiological level of oxygen/nitrogen free radicals and non-radical reactive species
(collectively known as ROS/RNS) is termed oxidative eustress or “good stress” and is …

Increasing numbers of individuals, particularly the elderly, suffer from neurodegenerative
disorders. These diseases are normally characterized by progressive loss of neuron cells …

Protein homeostasis is a vital process for cell function and, therefore, disruption of the
molecular mechanisms involved in this process, such as autophagy, may contribute to …

Oxidative stress plays an important role in the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in
Parkinson's disease (PD). Disruptions in the physiologic maintenance of the redox potential …

The mammalian family of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) includes extracellular
signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p38, and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK), with each MAPK …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common motor disorder of mysterious etiology. It is due to the
progressive degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra and is …

Significance: In all cells, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria are physically
connected to form junctions termed mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs). This …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative movement disorder that
results primarily from the death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Although …

Mutations in the parkin or PINK 1 genes are the leading cause of the autosomal recessive
form of Parkinson's disease. The gene products, the E3 ubiquitin ligase parkin and the …

Mutations in parkin are the second most common known cause of Parkinson's disease (PD).
Parkin is an ubiquitin E3 ligase that monoubiquitinates and polyubiquitinates proteins to …