Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of initial first and second
language proficiencies as well as the language of instruction that a student receives on the …

The first goal of this article is to discuss the role of nonverbal ability tests in the identification
of academically gifted children. I note that most nonverbal tests measure verbally mediated …

This article describes oral language and early literacy skills in Spanish and English for a
sample of 319 bilingual children in Massachusetts and Maryland (ECS) and a comparison …

This study examined the basic literacy skills and related processes of 1st-through 4th-grade
children speaking English as a 1st language (L1) and English as a 2nd language (ESL). The …

The research examined the extent to which (a) Grade 2 English-as-a-second-language
(ESL) and English-as-a-first-language (EL1) children resemble each other on word and text …

This study investigated the relationship of first language (L1) skills in elementary school and
second language (L2) learning in high school. Students classified as high‐, average‐, and …

This longitudinal investigation examined word decoding and reading comprehension
measures from first grade through sixth grade for a sample of Spanish-speaking English …

This prospective study examined early first-language (L1) predictors of later second-
language (L2) reading (word decoding, comprehension) and spelling skills by conducting a …

The goal of this chapter is to summarize what the research literature has to say about these
three questions: How big is the challenge of second-language (L2) vocabulary learning, for …

The number of students arriving at school not fully proficient in English has grown
enormously over the past half century. Forty years ago, the achievement of children from non …