Birds exhibit remarkable variation in plumage patterns, both within individual feathers and
among plumage patches. Differences in the size, shape, and location of pigments and …

Colour polymorphic species are model systems for examining the evolutionary processes
that generate and maintain discrete phenotypic variation in natural populations. Lizards …

Flower colour is mainly due to the presence and type of pigments. Pollinator preferences
impose selection on flower colour that ultimately acts on flower pigments. Knowing how …

The giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) is an iconic mammal, but the function of its black-
and-white coloration is mysterious. Using photographs of giant pandas taken in the wild and …

Animal cultures have now been demonstrated experimentally in diverse taxa from flies to
great apes. However, experiments commonly use tasks with unrestricted access to equal …

Color change serves many antipredator functions and may allow animals to better match
environments or disrupt outlines to prevent detection. Rapid color change could potentially …

Social monogamy is a reproductive strategy characterized by pair living and defense of a
common territory. Pair bonding, sometimes displayed by monogamous species, is an …

Animal colour patterns remain a lively focus of evolutionary and behavioural ecology,
despite the considerable conceptual and technical developments over the last four decades …

Signals reliably convey information to a receiver. To be reliable, differences between
individuals in signal properties must be consistent and easily perceived and evaluated by …

Defensive chemicals are used by plants and animals to reduce the risk of predation through
different mechanisms, including toxins that cause injury and harm (weapons) and …