Background Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is increasingly performed in an ever ageing
population; however, the risks are poorly quantified. The study aims to review the current …

Gallstones affect 20% of the Western population and will grow in clinical significance as
obesity and metabolic diseases become more prevalent. Gallbladder removal …

Background The prediction of a difficult cholecystectomy has traditionally been based on
certain pre-operative clinical and imaging factors. Most of the previous literature reported …

Background Bile duct injury rates for laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) remain higher than
during open cholecystectomy. The “culture of safety” concept is based on demonstrating the …

Background Open conversion rates during laparoscopic cholecystectomy vary depending
on many factors. Surgeon experience and operative difficulty influence the decision to …

Introduction Subtotal cholecystectomy (SC) is a technique to manage the difficult gallbladder
and avoid hazardous dissection and biliary injury. Until recently it was used infrequently …

Background: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in situs inversus totalis (SIT) is a technically and
physically demanding procedure for surgeons and there is still a lack of consensus …

Common bile duct (CBD) exploration and T-tube drainage are the main surgical methods for
the removal of bile duct stones (BDSs), which can now be completed by laparoscopy …

Background Operative courses of laparoscopic cholecystectomies vary widely due to
differing pathologies. Efforts to assess intra-operative difficulty include the Parkland grading …

Analysis of relations between objects and comprehension of abstract concepts in the
surgical video is important in AI-augmented surgery. However, building models that …