Until recently, radiation effects have been considered to be mainly due to nuclear DNA
damage and their management by repair mechanisms. However, molecular biology studies …

Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) is an evolutionarily conserved zinc finger-containing
transcription factor that regulates diverse cellular processes such as cell growth …

The linear-quadratic model is one of the key tools in radiation biology and physics. It
provides a simple relationship between cell survival and delivered dose:, and has been …

Simple Summary Radiotherapy with carbon ions has been used for over 20 years in Asia
and Europe and is now planned in the USA. The physics advantages of carbon ions …

DNA damage of exposed tumour tissue leading to cell death is one of the detrimental effects
of ionising radiation that is exploited, with beneficial consequences, for radiotherapy. The …

DNA damaging agents are potent inducers of cell death triggered by apoptosis. Since these
agents induce a plethora of different DNA lesions, it is firstly important to identify the specific …

Endogenous and exogenous sources cause free radical-induced DNA damage in living
organisms by a variety of mechanisms. The highly reactive hydroxyl radical reacts with the …

Cells manage to survive, thrive, and divide with high accuracy despite the constant threat of
DNA damage. Cells have evolved with several systems that efficiently repair spontaneous …

Clustered DNA lesions, also called Multiply Damaged Sites, is the hallmark of ionizing
radiation. It is defined as the combination of two or more lesions, comprising strand breaks …

The question of what constitutes an acceptable risk is a matter of judgement. Such decisions
are multifaceted and complex, and involve a balance of risk and benefit. High risks may be …