SARS-CoV-2 viral load and detection of infectious virus in the respiratory tract are the two
key parameters for estimating infectiousness. As shedding of infectious virus is required for …

Viruses that replicate in the human respiratory mucosa without infecting systemically,
including influenza A, SARS-CoV-2, endemic coronaviruses, RSV, and many other" …

Mucosal vaccines offer the potential to trigger robust protective immune responses at the
predominant sites of pathogen infection. In principle, the induction of adaptive immunity at …

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a new beta coronavirus
that emerged at the end of 2019 in the Hubei province of China. SARS-CoV-2 causes …

Two and a half years into the COVID-19 pandemic, we have gained many insights into the
human antibody response to the causative SARS-CoV-2 virus. In this Review, we …

SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are crucial in controlling COVID-19, but knowledge of which factors
determine waning immunity is limited. We examined antibody levels and T-cell gamma …

The germinal centre (GC) response is critical for the generation of affinity-matured plasma
cells and memory B cells capable of mediating long-term protective immunity …

Background: Asymptomatic infection seems to be a notable feature of severe acute
respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the pathogen that causes coronavirus …

ChAdOx1 nCoV-19/AZD1222 is an approved adenovirus-based vaccine for severe acute
respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) currently being deployed globally …

Background Although the BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine is known to induce IgG neutralizing
antibodies in serum protecting against COVID-19, it has not been studied in detail whether it …