The electromagnetic characteristics of the soil are discussed in this chapter. The
characteristics of porous bedrock, soil medium, and impacts of rain attenuations are also …

A wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of autonomous nodes with sensors to sense and
collect the status of the surrounding environment continuously. Characteristics of WSN are …

This book provides an in-depth coverage of the most recent developments in the field of
wireless underground communications, from both theoretical and practical perspectives. The …

Cloud computing is a progressive technology that offers computing resources as Internet‐
based services, revolutionized information, and communication technologies. From an …

Precision steel balls enable the bearings of machine parts to maintain their relative position,
and they reduce operating time during relative movement, reduce friction force, improve …

A vital sector of the global economy, the oil and gas sector, faces several difficulties due to
its intricate supply chain. The demand in the oil and gas sector is growing to lower costs …

IoT (Internet of Things) in smart street lights widely uses Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
as data exchange between sensors and actuators. This protocol has a weakness in the data …

According to the World Health Organisation, billions of people lack access to basic
sanitation facilities and services, resulting in estimated 2.9 million cases of diseases and …

Wireless Underground Communication (WUC) is an emerging field that is being developed
continuously. It provides secure mechanism of deploying nodes underground which shields …

Wireless underground sensor networks (WUSNs) are becoming ubiquitous in many areas.
The design of robust systems requires extensive understanding of the underground (UG) …