Balanced immune regulation is crucial for recognizing an invading pathogen, its killing, and
elimination. Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) are the key regulators of the innate immune system. It …

Chemokines are crucial inflammatory mediators needed during an immune response to
clear pathogens. However, their excessive release is the main cause of hyperinflammation …

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has resulted in countless
infections and caused millions of deaths since its emergence in 2019. Coronavirus disease …

In patients with severe COVID‐19, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), multiple
organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), and even mortality can result from cytokine storm …

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused the recent
outbreak of coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19). Although nearly two decades have passed since …

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is characterized by the severe inflammation
and destruction of the lung air–blood barrier, leading to irreversible and substantial …

Severe COVID-19 is characterized by extensive pulmonary complications, to which host
immune responses are believed to play a role. As the major arm of innate immunity …

SARS-CoV-2 fine-tunes the interferon (IFN)-induced antiviral responses, which play a key
role in preventing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) progression. Indeed, critically ill …

Infections with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can be
asymptomatic, but they can also be accompanied by a variety of symptoms that result in mild …

The COVID-19 global epidemic caused by coronavirus has affected the health and other
aspects of life for more than one year. Despite the current pharmacotherapies, there is still …