The success of protein, peptide and antibody based therapies is evident-the
biopharmaceuticals market is predicted to reach $388 billion by 2024 [1], and more than half …

Organic and inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) have shown promising outcomes in transdermal
drug delivery. NPs can not only enhance the skin penetration of small/biomacromolecule …

Transdermal drug delivery systems have become an intriguing research topic in
pharmaceutical technology area and one of the most frequently developed pharmaceutical …

Microneedle arrays (MNAs) are small patches containing hundreds of short projections that
deliver signals directly to dermal layers without causing pain. These technologies are of …

Microneedles as novel transdermal drug delivery systems have lately attracted extensive
attention due to their distinguished properties, including improved patient compliance and …

Background Microscopic patches as quite promising platforms in transdermal drug delivery
suffer from conventional injections. In other hand, a wide range of pharmacokinetics, ranging …

The COVID-19 pandemic is a serious threat to global health and the global economy. The
ongoing race to develop a safe and efficacious vaccine to prevent infection by SARS-CoV-2 …

In 2019, an 'influenza pandemic'and 'vaccine hesitancy'were listed as two of the top 10
challenges to global health by the WHO. The skin is a unique vaccination site, due to its …

The ongoing search for biodegradable and biocompatible microneedles (MNs) that are
strong enough to penetrate skin barriers, easy to prepare, and can be translated for clinical …

Introduction A microneedle array patch (MAP) has been studied as a means for delivering
drugs or vaccines and has shown superior delivery efficiency compared to the conventional …