Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) currently have numerous applications, especially in
tracking and observing non-human activities. Sensor nodes in WSNs are known to have …

In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), energy preservation through clustering and routing
protocols has been verified as a significant effective method to extend the network lifetime …

Clustering and routing protocols play a pivotal role in reducing energy consumption and
extending the lifespan of wireless sensor networks. However, optimizing energy efficiency to …

As an alternative to flat architectures, clustering architectures are designed to minimize the
total energy consumption of sensor networks. Nonetheless, sensor nodes experience …

Battery replacement or recharging is essential for sensor nodes because they are typically
powered by batteries in wireless sensor network (WSN) applications. Therefore, creating an …

Clustering in LEACH and its successors has been proved to be effective for not only
improving energy efficiency but also extending network lifetime of wireless sensor networks …

The applications based on Wireless Sensor Network-enabled Internet of Things (IoT) are
gaining more interest in civic and research communities. In IoT-based applications, network …

In an era defined by unprecedented advancements in technology, AI-based Earth
monitoring systems have emerged as transformative tools for understanding and …

In this paper, we propose an improved clustering algorithm for wireless sensor networks
(WSNs) that aims to increase network lifetime and efficiency. We introduce an enhanced …

Efficient energy conservation to maximize the network lifetime is always the most critical
challenge in wireless sensor networks due to their energy-constrained nodes and harsh …