Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is an acknowledged inflammatory cytokine with a pleiotropic action,
mediating innate and adaptive immunity and multiple physiological processes, including …

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the presence
of antiphospholipid antibodies, such as lupus anticoagulant, anticardiolipin antibodies and …

Maternal vascular adaptation to pregnancy is critically important in order to expand the
capacity for blood flow through the uteroplacental unit to meet the needs of the developing …

Metformin is everywhere. Originally introduced in clinical practice as an antidiabetic agent,
its role as a therapeutic agent is expanding to include treatment of prediabetes mellitus …

The maternal immune response is essential for successful pregnancy, promoting immune
tolerance to the fetus while maintaining innate and adaptive immunity. Uncontrolled …

Fetal growth restriction (FGR) and preeclampsia (PE) are often associated with abnormal
maternal inflammation, deficient spiral artery (SA) remodeling, and altered uteroplacental …

Background: Fetal Growth Restriction (FGR) is one of the most common noxious antenatal
conditions in humans, inducing a substantial proportion of preterm delivery and leading to a …

Problem Published reports testing the association between cytokine levels and
preeclampsia are conflicting. This comprehensive systematic review and meta‐analysis …

The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of CD3+ CD4+ T lymphocytes
producing IL-17, IL-2, IFN-γ, and IL-4, plus CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3+ T regulatory (Treg) cells, in …

Tryptophan (Trp) requirements in pregnancy are several-fold:(1) the need for increased
protein synthesis by mother and for fetal growth and development;(2) serotonin (5-HT) for …