Most countries have strived to establish a diversified and multi-pillar pension system. While
the public pillar (defined benefits) serves primarily to reduce and prevent old-age poverty, as …

Since the 1990s, there has been a rise in social pensions in East Asia aimed at closing the
coverage gap left by the extant pension systems. By 2012, ten of the eighteen regional …

This chapter will introduce the background literature that provides the basis upon which the
thesis questions were formulated and the research constructed. It will begin by outlining …

From 1993 to 2002 the emergence of the urban resident Minimum Livelihood Guarantee
(MLG) system saw a major reconfiguration and expansion of social assistance in the …

In response to the growing rural-urban inequality, China is undertaking a series of policy
initiatives to promote rural development. In addition to redistributive policies aiming at social …

Since the late 1970s internal migration has become a fundamental feature of economic and
social change in the People's Republic of China. So has rapid urbanization as the rural …

The increasing number of people anticipated to retire within the next ten years is also
expected to bring a crisis to the nation's old age pension program. In order to meet the …

Pension reform is at the centre of the policy agenda in China, as it undergoes rapid
economic and social change, and attention is focused on ensuring that the pension system …