Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD),
and Multiple Sclerosis (MS) are characterized by neuronal degeneration and neuronal …

Activated microglial cells play an important role in immune and inflammatory responses in
central nervous system and neurodegenerative diseases. Many pro-apoptotic pathways are …

Quercetin (QUR) is a natural bioactive flavonoid that has been lately very studied for its
beneficial properties in many pathologies. Its neuroprotective effects have been …

Objective Recent evidence suggesting an important role of gut-derived inflammation in brain
disorders has opened up new directions to explore the possible role of the gut-brain axis in …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex neurodegenerative disease affecting the central
nervous system (CNS). The onset of MS has been typically observed in individuals aged …

Despite the significant advances in neurology, the cure for neurodegenerative conditions
remains a formidable task to date. Among various factors arising from the complex etiology …

Inflammation is a response to a lesion in the tissue or infection. This process occurs in a
specific manner in the central nervous system and is called neuroinflammation, which is …

Microglia, the immunocompetent cells of the central nervous system (CNS), act as
neuropathology sensors and are neuroprotective under physiological conditions. Microglia …

The mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in mammals include c-Jun NH 2-terminal
kinase (JNK), p38 MAPK, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). These enzymes …

Neurons are highly susceptible to DNA damage accumulation due to their large energy
requirements, elevated transcriptional activity, and long lifespan. While newer research has …