Immunological memory is the basis of protective immunity provided by vaccines and
previous infections. Immunological memory can develop from multiple branches of the …

Antibodies against epitopes in S1 give the most accurate CoP against infection by the SARS‐
CoV‐2 coronavirus. Measurement of those antibodies by neutralization or binding assays …

T cells are crucial for immune functions to maintain health and prevent disease. T cell
development occurs in a stepwise process in the thymus and mainly generates CD4+ and …

COVID-19 shares the feature of autoantibody production with systemic autoimmune
diseases. In order to understand the role of these immune globulins in the pathogenesis of …

As of January 2022, at least 60 million individuals are estimated to develop post-acute
sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 (PASC) after infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome …

SARS-CoV-2 variants that escape neutralization and potentially affect vaccine efficacy have
emerged. T cell responses play a role in protection from reinfection and severe disease, but …

The clinical manifestation of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) mainly targets the lung
as a primary affected organ, which is also a critical site of immune cell activation by severe …

Suboptimal responses to a primary vaccination course have been reported in the elderly, but
there is little information regarding the impact of age on responses to booster third doses …

The current coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19), caused by SARS-CoV-2, has had
devastating effects on the global health and economic system. The cellular and molecular …

The SARS-COV-2 virus has infected the world at a very high rate by causing COVID-19
disease. Nearly 507 million individuals have been infected with this virus, with …