Since the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak
emerged, countless efforts are being made worldwide to understand the molecular …

Highly pathogenic coronaviruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus
2 (refs.,)(SARS-CoV-2), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and …

Background Cytokine storm is the exaggerated immune response often observed in viral
infections. It is also intimately linked with the progression of COVID-19 disease as well as …

In patients with severe COVID‐19, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), multiple
organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), and even mortality can result from cytokine storm …

The innate immune system serves as the first line of defense against invading pathogens;
however, dysregulated innate immune responses can induce aberrant inflammation that is …

Abstract Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory
syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is the ongoing global pandemic that poses …

Abstract The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly transmissible disease
caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that poses a …

The lymphopenia as a major immunological abnormality occurs in the majority of severe
COVID‐19 patients, which is strongly associated with mortality rate. A low proportion of …

Objective Infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is
now a global pandemic. Emerging results indicate a dysregulated immune response. Given …

SARS-COV-2 infection represents the greatest pandemic of the world, counting daily
increasing number of subjects positive to the virus and, sadly, increasing number of deaths …