Grazing systems have great potential to promote animal welfare by allowing animals to
express natural behaviours, but they also present risks to the animals. Diseases caused by …

Abstract Comparison of landscapes and patterns is a long-standing challenge in spatial
analysis research. Recently, new models and tools developed for non-geographic image …

Nowadays, ecologists worldwide recognize the use of spatial analysis as essential.
However, because of the fast-growing range of methods available, even an expert might …

Urban ecological systems are characterized by complex interactions among social,
economic, institutional, and environmental variables. These interactions generate complex …

Ecological systems are generally considered among the most complex because they are
characterized by a large number of diverse components, nonlinear interactions, scale …

A major goal of landscape ecology is to understand the formation, dynamics, and
maintenance of spatial heterogeneity. Spatial heterogeneity is the most fundamental …

This review examines landscape indices and their usefulness in reflecting the effects of
ecosystem fragmentation. Rapid fragmentation of natural ecosystems by anthropogenic …

Landscapes are complex systems that require a multiscale approach to fully understand,
manage, and predict their behavior. Remote sensing technologies represent the primary …

We investigated scale dependence of landscape metrics and the relationship between land
use parameters and FRAGSTATS-based landscape metrics (edge density (ED), patch …

Scale pervades interdisciplinary research on human–environment systems that exhibit
hallmarks of complexity such as path dependence, nonlinearity, and surprise. Although …