DNA polymerases catalyze DNA synthesis during the replication, repair, and recombination
of DNA. Based on phylogenetic analysis and primary protein sequences, DNA polymerases …

Cas9 is an RNA-guided endonuclease that targets complementary DNA for cleavage and
has been repurposed for many biological usages. Cas9 activities are governed by its direct …

Fluorescence‐based single‐molecule techniques have become widely used tools to reveal
dynamic processes of biomolecules and elucidate their molecular mechanisms. However …

Abstract Staphylococcus aureus Cas9 (SaCas9) is an RNA‐guided endonuclease that
targets complementary DNA adjacent to a protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) for cleavage. Its …

Abstract G‐quadruplex (G4) is a four‐stranded noncanonical DNA structure that has long
been recognized as a potential hindrance to DNA replication. However, how replisomes …

To ensure accurate DNA replication, a replisome must effectively overcome numerous
obstacles on its DNA substrate. After encountering an obstacle, a progressing replisome …

Abstract Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 (SpCas9), a programmable RNA-guided DNA
endonuclease, has been widely repurposed for biological and medical applications. Critical …

Angular optical trapping (AOT) is a powerful technique that permits direct angular
manipulation of a trapped particle with simultaneous measurement of torque and rotation …

The time spent by a single RNA polymerase (RNAP) at specific locations along the DNA,
termed" residence time," reports on the initiation, elongation, and termination stages of …

Helicase enzymes translocate along an RNA or DNA template with a defined polarity to
unwind, separate, or remodel duplex strands for a variety of genome maintenance …