Abstract Using three-dimensional (3D) indoor environments in pedestrian evacuation
simulations is increasingly active. However, a systemic review that reflects the latest …

In spatial science and urban applications,“space" is presented by multiple disciplines as a
notion referencing our living environment. Space is used as a general term to help …

During an emergency inside large buildings such as hospitals and shopping malls, the
availability of up-to-date information is critical. One common source of information is the 2D …

Existing indoor navigation approaches such as navigation based on 2D geometries and pre-
defined routing remain insufficient for many applications such as emergency response …

As we realize that we spend most of our time in increasingly complex indoor environments,
applications to assist indoor activities (eg guidance) have gained a lot of attention in the …

The aim of this research is to investigate the combined use of IndoorGML and the Land
Administration Domain Model (LADM) to define the accessibility of the indoor spaces based …

The aim of this paper is to present a broad perspective on applications dealing with 3D
building models and indoor navigation during an emergency. This is an immense topic …

The level of detail (LoD) concept in CityGML (City Geography Markup Language), which
indicates how closely the model mirrors its real-world counterpart, has been accepted and …

This study was undertaken with the goal of developing a Concept Map Knowledge
Management System (CMKMS) for use as a tool in observing change in a student's …

In light of the many improvements within 3D urban modeling and Location‐Based Services,
this article provides a timely review of the state‐of‐the‐art on integrating indoor and outdoor …