Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has swept the world, unlike any other pandemic in
the last 50 years. Our understanding of the disease has evolved rapidly since the outbreak; …

The three-signal paradigm tries to capture how the innate immune system instructs adaptive
immune responses in three well-defined actions:(1) presentation of antigenic peptides in the …

Cytokines activate or inhibit immune cell behavior and are thus integral to all immune
responses. IL-1α and IL-1β are powerful apical cytokines that instigate multiple downstream …

Abstract Dietary selenium (] Se), mainly through its incorporation into selenoproteins, plays
an important role in inflammation and immunity. Adequate levels of Se are important for …

Over recent years it has become increasingly clear that innate immune responses can
shape the adaptive immune response. Among the most potent molecules of the innate …

Interleukin-1 is a cytokine with potent inflammatory and immune-amplifying effects, mainly
produced by macrophages during defensive reactions. In mammals, IL-1 is a superfamily of …

Abstract Background Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have a therapeutic potential in tissue
repair because of capacity for multipotent differentiation and their ability to modulate the …

Abstract T helper type 1 (Th1) lymphocytes secrete secrete interleukin (IL)-2, interferon-γ,
and lymphotoxin-α and stimulate type 1 immunity, which is characterized by intense …

Th1-and Th2-type cytokines (termed Th0) have been likely that the dose and route of
immunization of antigen described in human and mouse systems (Sher and Coffmay also be …

Abstract Interleukin-1 (IL-1) includes a family of closely related genes; the two major
agonistic proteins, IL-1α and IL-1β, are pleiotropic and affect mainly inflammation, immunity …