Cancer immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has revolutionized the
treatment of advanced cancers. However, the tumor microenvironment (TME) functions as a …

Hypoxia is a non-physiological level of oxygen tension, a phenomenon common in a
majority of malignant tumors. Tumor-hypoxia leads to advanced but dysfunctional …

Growth factors are critical molecules for tissue repair and regeneration. Therefore,
recombinant growth factors have raised a lot of hope for regenerative medicine applications …

The TGFβ signaling pathway has pleiotropic functions regulating cell growth, differentiation,
apoptosis, motility and invasion, extracellular matrix production, angiogenesis, and immune …

Transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) is a proinflammatory cytokine known to control a
diverse array of pathological and physiological conditions during normal development and …

This review focuses on matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)-2 (gelatinase A) and-9
(gelatinase B), both of which are cancer-associated, secreted, zinc-dependent …

The transforming growth factor (TGF-β) family of growth factors controls an immense number
of cellular responses and figures prominently in development and homeostasis of most …

Transforming Growth Factor beta (TGF-β) is a pleiotropic cytokine produced in large
amounts within cancer microenvironments that will ultimately promote neoplastic …

Microvasculature functions at the tissue and cell level, regulating local mass exchange of
oxygen and nutrient-rich blood. While there has been considerable success in the …

Uncontrolled fibrosis in organs like heart, kidney, liver and lung is detrimental and may lead
to end-stage organ failure. Currently there is no effective treatment for fibrotic disorders …