Due to the growing impact of the information and communications technology (ICT) sector
on electricity usage and greenhouse gas emissions, telecommunication networks require …

The Passive Optical Network (PON) has been evolving continuously in terms of architecture
and capacity to keep up with the demand for high-speed Internet access in the access …

Time and wavelength division multiplexed passive optical network (TWDM-PON) standards
dramatically increase the performance of PON systems and address ever-increasing …

The rapid deployment of passive optical access networks (PONs) increases the global
energy consumption of networking infrastructure. This paper focuses on the minimization of …

The increasing numbers of broadband users and the corresponding rapid expansion of
access networks have been putting more pressure on improving their energy efficiency to …

Passive optical networks (PONs) are a preferred technology for implementing fiber-to-the-
home networks. Though PONs minimize power consumption compared to digital subscriber …

In this paper, we propose two novel architectures for the short-reach optical access network
(SR-OAN) and long-reach optical access network (LR-OAN) to provide high bandwidth and …

An Ethernet passive optical network (EPON) is an optical access network that allows a
higher data rate with low power consumption. To improve energy savings for an EPON, the …

Sleep and doze power-saving modes are the common ways to reduce power consumption
of optical network units (ONUs) in Ethernet passive optical network (EPON). The doze mode …

Time-division multiplexing passive optical network (TDM-PON) is referred to as a green
network because it consumes minimum energy compared to the other access networks …