Over the last 30 years, aquaculture has become the fastest growing form of agriculture
production in the world, but its development has been hampered by a diverse range of …

Immunoglobulins (Igs), as one of the hallmarks of adaptive immunity, first arose
approximately 500 million years ago with the emergence of jawed vertebrates. Two events …

Background Environmental metagenomic analysis is typically accomplished by assigning
taxonomy and/or function from whole genome sequencing or 16S amplicon sequences …

Viral infection induces type I IFN production, which plays critical roles in orchestrating the
antiviral defense by inducing direct antiviral activities. To establish a persistent infection …

Although lymphocyte-like cells secreting somatically-recombining receptors have been
identified in the jawless fishes (hagfish and lamprey), the cartilaginous fishes (sharks …

The Chinese giant salamander, belonging to an ancient amphibian lineage, is the largest
amphibian existing in the world, and is also an important animal for artificial cultivation in …

Abstract The Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus), renowned as a living fossil, is
the largest and longest-lived amphibian species in the world. Its skin has developed mucous …

The endangered Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus) is the largest extant
amphibian species. Disease outbreaks represent one of the major factors threatening A …

Since the identification of a functional Cδ gene in ostriches, immunoglobulin (Ig) D has been
considered to be an extremely evolutionarily conserved Ig isotype besides the IgM found in …

Virus infections of mammalian and animal cells consist of a series of events. As intracellular
parasites, viruses rely on the use of host cellular machinery. Through the use of cell culture …