Our Earth is a “blue planet” that 70 of the surface is covered by the oceans, but most area of
oceans remain largely unexplored. Besides supporting the Earth's ecosystem and …

Photodetection using photoelectrochemical (PEC) principles is an emerging field in
photonics. In recent years, using epitaxial III-nitride nanowires as photoelectrodes, high …

The ocean environment monitoring system is of great significance to the researchers
because the ocean is the storehouse of natural resources. It is critical to comprehend and …

In this paper, three different modulation formats; namely non return to zero (NRZ), alternate
mark inversion (AMI), and carrier compressed return to zero (CSRZ) are used in an …

Underwater wireless communication (UWC) means the transmission of data using wireless
channels through the underwater, ie radio frequency waves (RF), acoustic waves and …

The integration of renewable energy sources (RES) into smart grids has been considered
crucial for advancing towards a sustainable and resilient energy infrastructure. Their …

Underwater communication is crucial for subsea engineering. Currently, although a variety
of available technologies are available for underwater communication, almost all of them are …

Abstract Free Space Optics (FSO) is an optical communication technique which
disseminates light in free space such as air, vacuum or celestial space, to wirelessly transfer …

The heterogeneity of optical wireless networks (OWNs) has expanded over decades in
terms of services, node densities, mobility requirements, bandwidth needs, responsiveness …

Massive multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO) systems which include a large number of
service antennas have received a great deal of attention as a means to improve both …