Despite the dramatically increased entry of women into general surgery and surgical
subspecialties, traditionally male-dominated fields, there remains a gross under …

Historically, the professional structure of higher education has provided restricted
employment, career, and leadership opportunities for women. This is exacerbated where …

Objective Medical schools now average approximately 50% female students, yet a
disproportionate number of women continue to choose nonsurgical over surgical specialties …

Context It is unclear whether male and female physician researchers who perform similar
work are currently paid equally. Objectives To determine whether salaries differ by gender in …

Implicit biases can foster negative attitudes and lead to damaging stereotypical behaviors.
Stereotypes can negatively affect the education, hiring, promotion, and retention of women …

Deficits theory posits that women scientists have not yet achieved parity with men scientists
because of structural aspects of the scientific environment that provide them with fewer …

BACKGROUND: Although there has been a continuous increase in the number of women
working in the field of medicine, women rarely reach the highest academic positions as full …

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND Energized and productive faculty are critical to academic
medicine, yet studies indicate a lack of advancement and senior roles for women …

In the present study, fourteen science and engineering faculty members who identified as
lesbian or gay at two research universities described the workplace climate for lesbian, gay …

The term “glass ceiling” refers to women's lack of advancement into leadership positions
despite no visible barriers. The term has been applied to academic medicine for over a …