Tumour progression is modulated by the local microenvironment. This environment is
populated by many immune cells, of which macrophages are among the most abundant …

Messenger RNA (mRNA) has received great attention in the prevention and treatment of
various diseases due to the success of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) mRNA …

Cancer vaccines aim to direct the immune system to eradicate cancer cells. Here we review
the essential immunologic concepts underpinning natural immunity and highlight the …

Immunotherapy has revolutionized the treatment of patients with cancer. However,
promoting antitumour immunity in patients with tumours that are resistant to these therapies …

The progression of cancer involves a critical step in which malignant cells escape from
control by the immune system. Antineoplastic agents are particularly efficient when they …

Abstract Cytokine therapy, involving interleukin-15 (IL-15), is a promising strategy for cancer
immunotherapy. However, clinical application has been limited due to severe toxicity and …

Osteosarcoma, with poor survival after metastasis, is considered the most common primary
bone cancer in adolescents. Notwithstanding the efforts of researchers, its five-year survival …

Cytokines are secreted or membrane-presented molecules that mediate broad cellular
functions, including development, differentiation, growth and survival. Accordingly, the …

Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy shows excellent efficacy against malignancies;
however, insufficient tumor immunogenicity and the immunosuppressive tumor …

Dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccination for cancer treatment has seen considerable
development over recent decades. However, this field is currently in a state of flux toward …