Predictions for a near end of the pandemic by the World Health Organization should be
interpreted with caution. Current evidence indicates that the efficacy of a fourth dose of …

Innate immunity and the actions of type I and III interferons (IFNs) are essential for protection
from SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. Each is induced in response to infection and serves to …

Infectious virus shedding from individuals infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome-
coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is used to estimate human-to-human transmission risk. Control …

SARS-CoV-2 infections manifest with a broad spectrum of presentations, ranging from
asymptomatic infections to severe pneumonia and fatal outcomes. This review centers on …

Numerous pathogens can infect the olfactory tract, yet the pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-
2 has strongly emphasized the importance of the olfactory mucosa as an immune barrier …

SARS-CoV-2 vaccine booster dose can induce a robust humoral immune response,
however, its cellular mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we investigated the durability of …

Mucosal immunity plays a significant role in the first-line defense against viruses transmitted
and infected through the respiratory system, such as SARS-CoV-2. However, the lack of …

Background COVID-19 vaccines have been critical for protection against severe disease
following infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) but …

Inflammatory lung diseases represent a persistent burden for patients and the global
healthcare system. The combination of high morbidity,(partially) high mortality and limited …

Introduction The unique mucosal immune system allows the generation of robust protective
immune responses at the front line of pathogen encounters. The needle-free delivery route …