Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the most common cause of end-stage kidney disease
worldwide, and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in patients with both …

Which elements are essential for human life? Here we make an element-by-element journey
through the periodic table and attempt to assess whether elements are essential or not, and …

Apart from complex I (NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase) the mitochondrial cytochrome bc
1 complex (complex III; ubiquinol: cytochrome c oxidoreductase) has been identified as the …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are present at low and
controlled levels under normal conditions. These reactive molecules can increase to high …

Abstract Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) acts as a signaling messenger by triggering the
reversible oxidation of redox-regulated proteins. It remains unclear how proteins can be …

Changes in the intracellular thiol–disulfide balance are considered major determinants in
the redox status/signaling of the cell. Cellular signaling is very sensitive to both exogenous …

Cancer cells can adapt to low energy sources in the face of ATP depletion as well as to their
high levels of ROS by altering their metabolism and energy production networks which might …

Increased understanding of the role of mitochondria under physiological and pathological
conditions parallels increased exploration of synthetic and natural compounds able to mimic …

The interplay between Ca 2+ and reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling pathways is well
established, with reciprocal regulation occurring at a number of subcellular locations. Many …

Redox homeostasis is a delicate balancing act of maintaining appropriate levels of
antioxidant defense mechanisms and reactive oxidizing oxygen and nitrogen species. Any …