A robust body of evidence shows that air pollution exposure is detrimental to health
outcomes, often measured as deaths and hospitalizations. This literature has focused less …

Many attempts have been made to localize the physical trace of a memory, or engram, in the
brain. However, until recently, engrams have remained largely elusive. In this Review, we …

A large amount of evidence has demonstrated the power of exercise to support cognitive
function, the effects of which can last for considerable time. An emerging line of scientific …

Rare copy-number variation (CNV) is an important source of risk for autism spectrum
disorders (ASDs). We analyzed 2,446 ASD-affected families and confirmed an excess of …

There are still no effective treatments to prevent, halt, or reverse Alzheimer's disease, but
research advances over the past three decades could change this gloomy picture. Genetic …

The synaptic plasticity and memory hypothesis asserts that activity-dependent synaptic
plasticity is induced at appropriate synapses during memory formation and is both …

To date, there is rapidly increasing evidence for host–microbe interaction at virtually all
levels of complexity, ranging from direct cell‐to‐cell communication to extensive systemic …

Epigenetics is a quickly growing field encompassing mechanisms regulating gene
expression that do not involve changes in the genotype. Epigenetics is of increasing …

Pavlovian fear conditioning is a particularly useful behavioral paradigm for exploring the
molecular mechanisms of learning and memory because a well-defined response to a …

Pathological fear and anxiety are highly debilitating and, despite considerable advances in
psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy they remain insufficiently treated in many patients with …