T helper type 17 (Th17) cells and pTreg cells, which share a common precursor cell (the
naïve CD4 T cell), require a common tumor growth factor (TGF)-β signal for initial …

Thirty years ago, one of the first types of CD4+ T regulatory cells was discovered and named
T regulatory type 1 (Tr1) cells. Tr1 cells represent a distinct population of T cells, which are …

The distinction between innate and adaptive immunity is one of the basic tenets of
immunology. The co-operation between these two arms of the immune system is a major …

Since the original identification of the T helper 17 (Th17) subset in 2005, it has become
evident that these cells do not only contribute to host defence against pathogens, such as …

Immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X‐linked (IPEX) syndrome is a
rare disorder that increasingly has gained attention as a model of genetic autoimmunity …

Our understanding of the pathways that regulate lymphocyte metabolism, as well as the
effects of metabolism and its products on the immune response, is still limited. We report that …

ATP and its ultimate degradation product adenosine are potent extracellular signalling
molecules that elicit a variety of pathophysiological functions in the kidney through the …

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease characterised by the destruction of insulin
producing beta cells in the pancreas. Whilst it remains unclear what the original triggering …

The genetic factors associated with susceptibility or resistance to viral infections are likely to
involve a sophisticated array of immune response. These genetic elements may modulate …

Autoimmune thyroid disorders (AITD) broadly include Graves' disease and Hashimoto's
thyroiditis which are the most common causes of thyroid gland dysfunctions. These …