Restrictive gender norms and gender inequalities are replicated and reinforced in health
systems, contributing to gender inequalities in health. In this Series paper, we explore how …

Importance Despite women composing half of current medical school classes, surgical
specialties still struggle to attract and retain women. Even after successful recruitment into …

Importance Women are less likely to be promoted and hold leadership positions in
academic medicine. How often academic articles are cited is a key measure of scholarly …

The increasing diversity in the US population is reflected in the patients who healthcare
professionals treat. Unfortunately, this diversity is not always represented by the …

Background Across countries and disciplines, studies show male researchers receive more
research funding than their female peers. Because most studies have been observational, it …

Bias is the evaluation of something or someone that can be positive or negative, and implicit
or unconscious bias is when the person is unaware of their evaluation. This is particularly …

Individual, institutional, and societal risk factors for the development of burnout can differ for
women and men physicians. While some studies on physician burnout report an increased …

Diversity and inclusion in medicine, and in surgery in particular, still merit substantial
attention in 2019. With each increase in academic rank there are fewer women, with only …

Women comprise more than one third of the active physician workforce, an estimated 46% of
all physicians-in-training, and more than half of all medical students in the United States …

Importance The Implicit Association Test (IAT) is a validated tool used to measure implicit
biases, which are mental associations shaped by one's environment that influence …