Endophenotypes, measurable components unseen by the unaided eye along the pathway
between disease and distal genotype, have emerged as an important concept in the study of …

OBJECTIVE: Most research on the effects of severe psychological stress has focused on
stress-related psychopathology. Here, the author develops psychobiological models of …

This article provides a review of the magnitude of mental disorders in children and
adolescents from recent community surveys across the world. Although there is substantial …

BACKGROUND: Early onset of mood symptoms in bipolar disorder has been associated
with poor outcome in many studies; however, the factors that might contribute to poor …

Over the past decade, researchers have shifted focus from the manic and depressive
episodes to the interepisode period in the study of sleep–wake disturbance in bipolar …

From a neurobiological perspective there is no such thing as bipolar disorder. Rather, it is
almost certainly the case that many somewhat similar, but subtly different, pathological …

For many years, researchers have suggested that abnormalities in circadian rhythms may
underlie the development of mood disorders such as bipolar disorder (BPD), major …

Bipolar disorder, one of the most distinct syndromes in psychiatry, has been described in
numerous cultures throughout history. The unique hallmark of the illness is mania, which is …

Lithium is commonly used to treat bipolar disorder, which is associated with altered
circadian rhythm. Lithium is a potent inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3), which …

Endophenotypes are quantifiable components in the genes‐to‐behaviors pathways, distinct
from psychiatric symptoms, which make genetic and biological studies of etiologies for …