In the past decade, substantial progress has been made in model-based optimization of
sampling designs for mapping. This paper is an update of the overview of sampling designs …

Some environmental studies use non-probabilistic sampling designs to draw samples from
spatially distributed populations. Unfortunately, these samples can be difficult to analyse …

We give a formal definition of a representative sample, but roughly speaking, it is a scaled‐
down version of the population, capturing its characteristics. New methods for selecting …

For baselining and to assess changes in soil organic carbon (C) we need efficient soil
sampling designs and methods for measuring C stocks. Conventional analytical methods …

The aim of this paper is twofold. First, three theoretical principles are formalized:
randomization, overrepresentation and restriction. We develop these principles and give a …

Estimating soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks in agricultural fields is essential for
environmental and agronomic research, management, and policy. Stratified sampling is a …

Measuring the degree of spatial spreading of a sample can be of great interest when
sampling from a spatial population. The commonly used spatial balance index by Grafström …

By using more sophisticated sampling designs in forest field inventories, it is possible to
select more representative field samples. When full cover auxiliary information is available at …

Effective forest stewardship relies on comprehensive field-inventories describing forest
resources. Increasing demands for data and indicators that improve understanding of …

Spatially distributed data exhibit particular characteristics that should be considered when
designing a survey of spatial units. Unfortunately, traditional sampling designs generally do …