Background: Fourteen clinical trials have not shown a consistent benefit of combination
therapy with levothyroxine (LT4) and liothyronine (LT3). Despite the publication of these …

Background: Thyroid hormones (THs) exert a strong influence on mammalian lipid
metabolism at the systemic and hepatic levels by virtue of their roles in regulating circulating …

Importance Overt hyperthyroidism, defined assuppressed thyrotropin (previously thyroid-
stimulating hormone) and high concentration of triiodothyronine (T 3) and/or free thyroxine …

Background: A number of recent advances in our understanding of thyroid physiology may
shed light on why some patients feel unwell while taking levothyroxine monotherapy. The …

The deiodinase family of enzymes mediates the activation and inactivation of thyroid
hormone. The role of these enzymes in the regulation of the systemic concentrations of …

Sertoli cells are somatic cells present in seminiferous tubules which have essential roles in
regulating spermatogenesis. Considering that each Sertoli cell is able to support a limited …

Thyroid hormone transporters at the plasma membrane govern intracellular bioavailability of
thyroid hormone. Monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) 8 and MCT10, organic anion …

Melatonin production is highly conserved in nature through different species including
bacteria, unicellular eukaryotes, algae, plants invertebrates, and vertebrates (Hardeland et …

Cellular actions of thyroid hormone may be initiated within the cell nucleus, at the plasma
membrane, in cytoplasm, and at the mitochondrion. Thyroid hormone nuclear receptors …

Melanin is a biological pigment formed by indoles and phenolic compounds. It is widely
found in living organisms and has a variety of unique properties. Due to its diverse …