Emerging evidence indicates that the gut microbiota play a crucial role in the bidirectional
communication between the gut and the brain suggesting that the gut microbes may shape …

Recent and ongoing developments in microbiome science are enabling new frontiers of
research for probiotics and prebiotics. Novel types, mechanisms, and applications currently …

Increasing evidence indicates that the brain regulates peripheral immunity, yet whether and
how the brain represents the state of the immune system remains unclear. Here, we show …

The recent developments in the science underpinning our knowledge of both the initiation of
dental caries and the subsequent behaviour of lesions over time gives us a solid base to …

A substantial body of evidence supports that the gut microbiota plays a pivotal role in the
regulation of metabolic, endocrine and immune functions. In recent years, there has been …

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a frequent and serious complication of both chronic liver
disease and acute liver failure. HE manifests as a wide spectrum of neuropsychiatric …

Probiotics have been proposed to ameliorate cognitive impairment and depressive disorder
via the gut–brain axis in patients and experimental animal models. However, the beneficial …

Dietary fiber is a widely recognized nutrient for human health. Previous studies proved that
dietary fiber has significant implications for gastrointestinal health by regulating the gut …

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease whose various pathophysiological
aspects are still being investigated. Recently, it has been hypothesized that AD may be …

Cereal grains are the main dietary source of energy, carbohydrates, and plant proteins world-
wide. Currently, only 41% of grains are used for human consumption, and up to 35% are …