Abstract On 4 February 2022, 38 Starlink satellites were destroyed by the geomagnetic
storm, which brought significant financial, aerospace and public influences. In this letter, we …

The anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases affect not only the weather and climate
in the troposphere; they affect also long-term trends in the mesosphere-thermosphere …

NRLMSIS® 2.0 is an empirical atmospheric model that extends from the ground to the
exobase and describes the average observed behavior of temperature, eight species …

The atmospheric density of the thermosphere is a fundamental parameter for spacecraft
launch and orbit control. Under magnetic storm conditions, the thermospheric atmospheric …

The operation of satellites in very low Earth orbit (VLEO) has been linked to a variety of
benefits to both the spacecraft platform and mission design. Critically, for Earth observation …

We examine the thermal structure of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) using
observations from 2002 through 2021 from the SABER instrument on the NASA TIMED …

Atmospheric mass density estimates derived from accelerometers onboard satellites such as
CHAllenging Minisatellite Payload (CHAMP) and Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment …

A thermospheric neutral mass density model with robust and reliable uncertainty estimates
is developed based on the Space Environment Technologies (SET) High Accuracy Satellite …

We discuss, in a limited way, some of the challenges to advancing our understanding and
description of the coupled plasma and neutral gas that make up the ionosphere and …

Long-term and continuous observations of mesospheric–lower thermospheric winds are
rare, but they are important to investigate climatological changes at these altitudes on …