Influenza A viruses cause pandemics when they cross between species and an
antigenically novel virus acquires the ability to infect and transmit between these new hosts …

Mink are small carnivores of the Mustelidae family. The American mink is the most common
and was imported to Europe, Asia, and Latin America for breeding, as its fur is very popular …

Highlights•Respiratory viruses are transmitted via contact, droplets or aerosols.•Most studies
on inter-human transmission routes are inconclusive.•The relative importance of respiratory …

There is a vital need for authentic COVID-19 animal models to enable the pre-clinical
evaluation of candidate vaccines and therapeutics. Here we report a dose titration study of …

The 1918 H1N1 Spanish Influenza pandemic was the most severe pandemic in modern
history. Unlike more recent pandemics, most of the 1918 H1N1 virus' genome was derived …

Viruses depend on their hosts to complete their replication cycles; they exploit cellular
receptors for entry and hijack cellular functions to replicate their genome, assemble progeny …

Genetically diverse influenza A viruses (IAVs) circulate in wild aquatic birds. From this
reservoir, IAVs sporadically cause outbreaks, epidemics, and pandemics in wild and …

Outbreaks of highly pathogenic H5N1 clade 2.3. 4.4 b viruses in farmed mink and seals
combined with isolated human infections suggest these viruses pose a pandemic threat. To …

Infection with influenza can be aggravated by bacterial co-infections, which often results in
disease exacerbation. The effects of influenza infection on the upper respiratory tract (URT) …

Pulmonary surfactant is a mixture of lipids and proteins, consisting of 90% phospholipid, and
10% protein by weight, found predominantly in pulmonary alveoli of vertebrate lungs. Two …