Individuals frequently choose between accomplishing goals using unaided cognitive
abilities or offloading cognitive demands onto external tools and resources. For example, in …

Prior research has demonstrated two distinct modes of searching a display: singleton
detection mode and feature search mode. Due to the explicit template-based attentional …

Active maintenance of information in working memory (WM) is an essential but effortful
cognitive process. Yet, the effortful nature of WM remains poorly understood. Here, we …

Many computer tasks involve looking up information from different sources, and these self-
interruptions can be disruptive. In this article, we investigate whether giving people feedback …

A core question in the study of the dynamics of cognition is how tasks are ordered. Given two
tasks, neither of which is prerequisite for the other and neither of which brings a clearly …

Cognitive effort is a central construct in our lives, yet our understanding of the processes
underlying our judgments of effort are limited. Recent work has suggested that our …

Based on a recent metacognitive account, cognitive effort is the result of an inferential
evaluation made over explicitly available cues. Following from this account, we present here …

Performing an action often incurs a cost, such as exerting effort for a reward. Previous
studies used the Effort Expenditure for Reward Task (EEfRT) to show devaluation of reward …

People judge the relative difficulty of different kinds of tasks all the time, yet little is known
about how they do so. We asked university students to choose between tasks that taxed …

Procrastination is defined as postponing a task, anticipating adverse consequences in the
future. In contrast, DA Rosenbaum and colleagues introduced the concept of …