Drug consumption is driven by a drug's pharmacological effects, which are experienced as
rewarding, and is influenced by genetic, developmental, and psychosocial factors that …

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is highly heritable and the most common
neurodevelopmental disorder in childhood. In recent decades, it has been appreciated that …

There is increasing evidence in humans and laboratory animals for biologically based sex
differences in every phase of drug addiction: acute reinforcing effects, transition from …

Advances in neuroscience identified addiction as a chronic brain disease with strong
genetic, neurodevelopmental, and sociocultural components. We here discuss the circuit …

Metabolism and gene expression, which are two fundamental biological processes that are
essential to all living organisms, reciprocally regulate each other to maintain homeostasis …

Addiction is a disease in which, after a period of recreational use, a subset of individuals
develops compulsive use that does not stop even in light of major negative consequences …

Background In recent years, many studies have evaluated the effects of noninvasive brain
stimulation (NIBS) techniques for the treatment of several neurological and psychiatric …

The striatum contributes to many cognitive processes and disorders, but its cell types are
incompletely characterized. We show that microfluidic and FACS-based single-cell RNA …

The lack of reliable measures of alcohol intake is a major obstacle to the diagnosis and
treatment of alcohol-related diseases. Epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation …

Post-translational modifications (PTMs) of histones provide a fine-tuned mechanism for
regulating chromatin structure and dynamics. PTMs can alter direct interactions between …