Major reactive oxygen species (ROS)–producing systems in vascular wall include NADPH
(reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) oxidase, xanthine oxidase …

At least 468 individual genes have been manipulated by molecular methods to study their
effects on the initiation, promotion, and progression of atherosclerosis. Most clinicians and …

Mitochondria are perhaps the most sophisticated and dynamic responsive sensing systems
in eukaryotic cells. The role of mitochondria goes beyond their capacity to create molecular …

Macrophages play a paramount role in immunity and inflammation-associated diseases,
including infections, cardiovascular diseases, obesity-associated metabolic imbalances, and …

Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles beyond powerhouses of a cell. These
components also play important roles in cell homeostasis by regulating cell function and …

Background—Endothelial dysfunction plays an important role in the early development of
atherosclerosis and vascular complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Increased …

Inflammation is a key process in metazoan organisms due to its relevance for innate defense
against infections and tissue damage. However, inflammation is also implicated in …

Background Vascular dysfunction is a pivotal event in the development of diabetes-
associated vascular disease. Increased inflammation and oxidative stress are major …

Oxidative stress and inflammation in the vascular wall are essential mechanisms of
atherosclerosis and vascular dysfunctions associated with risk factors such as metabolic …

Arginase metabolizes the semi-essential amino acid l-arginine to l-ornithine and urea. There
are two distinct isoforms of arginase, arginase I and II, which are encoded by separate …