The rapid advancement of nanomedicine and nanoparticle (NP) materials presents novel
solutions potentially capable of revolutionizing health care by improving efficacy …

Liposomes have been used extensively as micro-and nanocarriers for hydrophobic or
hydrophilic molecules. However, conventional liposomes are biodegradable and quickly …

Malaria is a mosquito-borne disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus
Plasmodium. Despite significant declines in malaria-attributable morbidity and mortality over …

Highlights•First malaria vaccine RTS, S induces anti-sporozoite antibodies to protect
children.•Whole-sporozoite vaccines induce T cells and antibodies and confer field …

Introduction Vaccines are powerful tools for controlling microbial infections and preventing
epidemics. To enhance the immune response to antigens, effective subunit vaccines or …

The global burden of malaria remains substantial. Circumsporozoite protein (CSP) has been
demonstrated to be an effective target antigen, however, improvements that offer more …

A vaccine targeting multiple stages of the Plasmodium falciparum parasite life cycle is
desirable. The sporozoite surface Circumsporozoite Protein (CSP) is the target of leading …

Mouse models are useful for the early down-selection of malaria vaccine candidates. The
Walter Reed Army Institute of Research has optimized a transgenic Plasmodium berghei …

Abstract The Circumsporozoite Protein (CSP) of Plasmodium falciparum contains an N-
terminal region, a conserved Region I (RI), a junctional region, 25–42 copies of major …

Malaria, caused by Plasmodium species, remains a major global health concern, causing
millions of deaths annually. While the introduction of the RTS, S vaccine has shown promise …