An acute respiratory syndrome (COVID-19), caused by a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2)
with a high rate of morbidity and elevate mortality, has emerged as one of the most important …

The infective SARS-CoV-2 is more prone to immune escape. Presently, the significant
variants of SARS-CoV-2 are emerging in due course of time with substantial mutations …

Neutralizing antibodies elicited by prior infection or vaccination are likely to be key for future
protection of individuals and populations against SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, passively …

Host range is a viral property reflecting natural hosts that are infected either as part of a
principal transmission cycle or, less commonly, as “spillover” infections into alternative hosts …

Three and a half years after the pandemic outbreak, now that WHO has formally declared
that the emergency is over, COVID-19 is still a significant global issue. Here, we focus on …

Viruses are significant threats to the health and well‐being of the honey bee, Apis mellifera.
To alleviate the threats posed by these invasive organisms, a better understanding of bee …

▪ Abstract Populations of plant viruses, like all other living beings, are genetically
heterogeneous, a property long recognized in plant virology. Only recently have the …

Mosquito-borne diseases having the greatest impact on human health are typically
prevalent in the tropical belt of the world. However, these diseases are conquering …

From HIV to influenza, the battle between infectious agents and the immune system is at the
heart of disease. Knowledge of how and why parasites vary to escape recognition by the …

A novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) emerged towards the end of 2019 that caused a severe
respiratory disease in humans called COVID-19. It led to a pandemic with a high rate of …