Currently, metformin is the first-line medication to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in
most guidelines and is used daily by> 200 million patients. Surprisingly, the mechanisms …

Inflammation is an integral part of animal biology. It provides critical protection from adverse
environmental factors by enforcing the defense of homeostasis and the functional and …

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), including its more severe manifestation,
nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), has a global prevalence of 20–25% and is a major …

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has emerged pandemically across the globe and
particularly affects patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes. NAFLD is a complex systemic …

Insulin resistance, defined as a defect in insulin-mediated control of glucose metabolism in
tissues—prominently in muscle, fat and liver—is one of the earliest manifestations of a …

The NLRP3 inflammasome is a multimeric cytosolic protein complex that assembles in
response to cellular perturbations. This assembly leads to the activation of caspase-1, which …

Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) is a classical, pleiotropic pro-inflammatory cytokine. It is also
the first 'adipokine'described to be produced from adipose tissue, regulated in obesity and …

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is a coenzyme for redox reactions, making it
central to energy metabolism. NAD+ is also an essential cofactor for non-redox NAD+ …

Patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are reported to have a greater
prevalence of hyperglycaemia. Cytokine release as a consequence of severe acute …

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a manifestation of systemic metabolic disease
related to obesity, and causes liver disease and cancer,. The accumulation of metabolites …