New components and functions of the renin‐angiotensin system (RAS) are still being
unravelled. The classical RAS as it looked in the middle 1970s consisted of circulating renin …

Western societies are aging due to an increasing life span, decreased birth rates, and
improving social and health conditions. On the other hand, the prevalence of cardiovascular …

The onset of diabetic retinopathy is characterized by morphologic alterations of the
microvessels, with thickening of the basement membrane, loss of inter-endothelial tight …

Background Renal renin-angiotensin system (RAS) activation is one of the important
pathogenic mechanisms in the development of diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetes. The …

Rationale: Patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (iPAH) often have a low
cardiac output. To compensate, neurohormonal systems such as the renin–angiotensin …

Recent studies consistently support a hypoxia response in the adipose tissue in obese
animals. The observations have led to the formation of an exciting concept, adipose tissue …

The kidneys' integrative responses to heat stress aid thermoregulation, cardiovascular
control, and water and electrolyte regulation. Recent evidence suggests the kidneys are at …

The heart is a highly structured organ consisting of different cell types, including myocytes,
endothelial cells, fibroblasts, stem cells, and inflammatory cells. This pluricellularity provides …

Gut microbiota is a potent biological modulator of many physiological and pathological
states. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS), including the local gastrointestinal RAS (GI …

Background—NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox4) has been implicated in cardiac remodeling, but its
precise role in cardiac injury remains controversial. Furthermore, little is known about the …